Teaching Planning Models: A Critical Analysis of the Tyler, Taba, Dick & Carey Models, and Backward Design
Keywords:
Instructional planning, Tyler's model, Taba's model, Dick & Carey's model, Backward Design, learning effectiveness.Abstract
Instructional planning is an essential foundation for creating an effective, systematic, and goal-oriented learning process. This article presents a critical analysis of four influential instructional planning models: the Tyler Model, the Taba Model, the Dick & Carey Model, and the Backward Design Model. Each model has a different approach, both in terms of philosophy, stages, and planning focus. The Tyler Model emphasizes measurable learning objectives, the Taba Model is oriented towards learners' needs and interests, the Dick & Carey Model emphasizes a comprehensive instructional system, while the Backward Design Model focuses on determining learning outcomes before designing learning strategies. This analysis highlights the strengths and limitations of each model and recommends that the choice of planning model should consider the learning context, learner characteristics, and educational objectives. Thus, a flexible combination of various models can be a more adaptive and relevant strategy in addressing the challenges of modern learning.
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